Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton - newton.org.uk
Welcome to newton.org.uk - the virtual museum of Sir Isaac Newton and the history of science.
http://www.newton.org.uk/

Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)
Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire, near Grantham, on December 25, 1642, and died at Kensington, London, on March 20, 1727. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and lived there from 1661 till 1696, during which time he produced the bulk of his work in mathematics; in 1696 he was appointed to a valuable Government office, and moved to London, where he resided till his death.
http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/RouseBall/RB_Newton.html

Sir Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton wurde am 4.Januar 1643 in Woolsthorpe geboren und starb am 31.März 1727 in Kensington.
http://www.chemie.uni-bremen.de/stohrer/biograph/newton.htm

Isaac Newton
Dinoj Surendran
Once upon a time, in a place that no one has ever heard of --- Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England --- a tiny lump of flesh entered the world. It was named Isaac after its father, who had died three months before. But its mother remarried and abandoned it to the care of grandparents till the lump was eleven (and worthy of a human pronoun).
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/3550/newtonzi.htm

Isaac Newton Links
Here at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, we are often asked about Newton's life and works. There are already many excellent and informative Web sites and books about Newton, so rather than duplicate those, we have put together a guide to some of the places, both real and virtual, where you can find out more.
http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newton.html

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Bibliography and Works
Historiographical Review
Newtonian Studies
The Newtonian Party
http://www.lucknow.com/horus/guide/ms114.html

Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton is popularly remembered as the man who saw an apple fall from a tree, and was inspired to invent the theory of gravity. If you have grappled with elementary physics then you know that he invented calculus and the three laws of motion upon which all of mechanics is based. More fundamentally, Newton's mathematical approach has become so basic to all of physics that he is generally regarded as the father of the clockwork universe: the first, and perhaps the greatest, physicist. In fact, Newton was deeply opposed to the mechanistic conception of the world. A secretive alchemist and heretical theologian, he performed countless experiments with crucibles and furnaces in his Cambridge chambers, analyzing the results in unmistakably alchemical terms.
http://www-ctp.mit.edu/~alford/newton.html

Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)
English scientist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.
http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Newton.html

Modern History Sourcebook: Isaac Newton: Optics
Excerpts from Isaac Newton, Optics, or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, IrMlections and Colours of Light, 4th ed. (London, 1730).
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/newton-optics.html

Newton
Isaac Newton's life can be divided into three quite distinct periods. The first is his boyhood days from 1643 up to his appointment to a chair in 1669. The second period from 1669 to 1687 was the highly productive period in which he was Lucasian professor at Cambridge. The third period (nearly as long as the other two combined) saw Newton as a highly paid government official in London with little further interest in mathematical research.
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html

The Scientists: Sir Isaac Newton
"Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in sight;
God said, ' let Newton be', and all was light."
(Pope.)
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Newton.htm

Newton's life
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost scientific intellects of all time. Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, where he attended school, he entered Cambridge University in 1661; he was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1667, and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. He remained at the university, lecturing in most years, until 1696. Of these Cambridge years, in which Newton was at the height of his creative power, he singled out 1665-1666 (spent largely in Lincolnshire because of plague in Cambridge) as "the prime of my age for invention". During two to three years of intense mental effort he prepared Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) commonly known as the Principia, although this was not published until 1687.
As a firm opponent of the attempt by King James II to make the universities into Catholic institutions, Newton was elected Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689, and sat again in 1701-1702. Meanwhile, in 1696 he had moved to London as Warden of the Royal Mint. He became Master of the Mint in 1699, an office he retained to his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1671, and in 1703 he became President, being annually re-elected for the rest of his life. His major work, Opticks, appeared the next year; he was knighted in Cambridge in 1705.
As Newtonian science became increasingly accepted on the Continent, and especially after a general peace was restored in 1714, following the War of the Spanish Succession, Newton became the most highly esteemed natural philosopher in Europe. His last decades were passed in revising his major works, polishing his studies of ancient history, and defending himself against critics, as well as carrying out his official duties. Newton was modest, diffident, and a man of simple tastes. He was angered by criticism or opposition, and harboured resentment; he was harsh towards enemies but generous to friends. In government, and at the Royal Society, he proved an able administrator. He never married and lived modestly, but was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey.
http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html

Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation
There is a popular story that Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, and he suddenly thought of the Universal Law of Gravitation. As in all such legends, this is almost certainly not true in its details, but the story contains elements of what actually happened.
Probably the more correct version of the story is that Newton, upon observing an apple fall from a tree, began to think along the following lines: The apple is accelerated, since its velocity changes from zero as it is hanging on the tree and moves toward the ground. Thus, by Newton's 2nd Law there must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. Let's call this force "gravity", and the associated acceleration the "accleration due to gravity". Then imagine the apple tree is twice as high. Again, we expect the apple to be accelerated toward the ground, so this suggests that this force that we call gravity reaches to the top of the tallest apple tree.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html

Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Isaac Newton's Principia 1687, Translated by Andrew Motte 1729
http://members.tripod.com/~gravitee/