Aristoteles Leben

Allgemein

Biographie

Aristoteles (384 bis 322 vor Christus)
Aristoteles, 384 vor Christus im thrakischen Stagira geboren, kam schon mit 18 Jahren nach Athen als Schüler Platons, in dessen "Akademie" er fast zwei Jahrzehnte verblieb, zuerst als Lernender, danach als Lehrender, zuletzt mit eigener Philosophie der Ideenlehre Platons entgegentretend.

Nach Platons Tod (347) weilte Aristoteles eine Zeitlang zu Assos in Kleinasien bei Hermias, einem früheren Mitschüler, der zum Fürsten von Atarneus geworden war und dessen Adoptivtochter er heiratete. Phillip II., König von Makedonien, berief ihn 342 an den Hof als Erzieher seines Alexander, der später der Große genannt werden sollte. Nach dem Regierungsantritt Alexanders kehrte Aristoteles nach Athen zurück, gründete die "Peripatetische Schule" und entfaltete in der attischen Metropole eine ausgedehnte Forschungs- und Lehrtätigkeit, wofür ihm wahrscheinlich neben seinem eigenen Vermögen, reiche Mittel zur Verfügung standen, die er von Alexander erhielt. Aristoteles legte sich eine eine große Privatbibliothek an, dazu eine naturwissenschaftliche Sammlung mit Pflanzen und Tieren aus der ganzen damals bekannten Welt. Zu Vergleichszwecken ließ er auch alle bekannten Staatsverfassungen sammeln, insgesamt 158. Nach dem Tod Alexanders war er in Athen, das sich gegen die makedonische Herrschaft erhob, gefährdet. Er zog sich auf die Insel Euböa zurück, wo er 322 starb.

Aristoteles gilt als der Begründer der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie und ihrer Einzelwissenschaften wie Metaphysik, Logik und Ethik sowie als einflußreichster Denker für die gesamte abendländische Philosophie.
http://www.toppoint.de/~cethegus/personen/a/aristoteles.html

Aristotle Encyclopaedia Britannica | article page
b. 384 BC, Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece
d. 322, Chalcis, Euboea

More than any other thinker, Aristotle determined the orientation and the content of Western intellectual history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that through the centuries became the support and vehicle for both medieval Christian and Islamic scholastic thought: until the end of the 17th century, Western culture was Aristotelian. Even after the intellectual revolutions of centuries to follow, Aristotelian concepts and ideas remained embedded in Western thinking.

Aristotle's intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and many of the arts. He worked in physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, and botany; in psychology, political theory, and ethics; in logic and metaphysics; in history, literary theory, and rhetoric. His greatest achievements were in two unrelated areas: he invented the study of formal logic, devising for it a finished system, known as Aristotelian syllogistic, that for centuries was regarded as the sum of logic; and he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which his work was not surpassed until the 19th century.

http://britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/idxref/3/0,5716,407260,00.html

Aristotle
WILLIAM TURNER
The greatest of heathen Philosophers, born at Stagira, a Grecian colony in the Thracian peninsula Chalcidice, 384 B.C.; died at Chalcis, in Euboea, 322 B.C.

Very little is known about Aristotle's personal appearance except from sources manifestly hostile. There is no reason, however, to doubt the faithfulness of the statues and busts coming down to us, possibly from the first years of the Peripatetic School, which represent him as sharp and keen of countenance, and somewhat below the average height. His character, as revealed by his writings, his will (which is undoubtedly genuine), fragments of his letters and the allusions of his unprejudiced contemporaries, was that of a high-minded, kind-hearted man, devoted to his family and his friends, kind to his slaves, fair to his enemies and rivals, grateful towards his benefactors -- in a word, an embodiment of those moral ideals which he outlined in his ethical treatises, and which we recognize to be far above the concept of moral excellence current in his day and among his people. When Platonism ceased to dominate the world of Christian speculation, and the works of the Stagirite began to be studied without fear and prejudice, the personality of Aristotle appeared to the Christian writers of the thirteenth century, as it had to the unprejudiced pagan writers of his own day, calm, majestic, untroubled by passion, and undimmed by any great moral defects, "the master of those who know".
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01713a.htm

Introduction to Aristotle
Marc Cohen - smcohen@u.washington.edu
Aristotle was born of a well-to-do family in the Macedonian town of Stagira in 384 B.C. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician who died when Aristotle was young. In 367, when Aristotle was seventeen, his uncle, Proxenus, sent him to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. There he remained, first as a pupil, later as an associate, for the next twenty years.

When Plato died in 347, the Academy came under the control of his nephew Speusippus, who favored mathematical aspects of Platonism that Aristotle, who was more interested in biology, found uncongenial. Perhaps for this reason - but more likely because of growing anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens - Aristotle decided to leave. He accepted the invitation of Hermeias, his friend and a former fellow student in the Academy, to join his philosophical circle on the coast of Asia Minor in Assos, where Hermeias (a former slave) had become ruler. Aristotle remained there for three years. During this period he married Hermeias's niece, Pythias, with whom he had a daughter, also named Pythias.
http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/arintro.htm

Aristotle
Richard Hooker
Aristotle was born at Stagira, in Thrace, in 384 B.C. His father was a physician to the king of Macedon, so science was in his background. At the age of seventeen, he went to Athens and joined Plato's school, where he stayed until Plato's death in 347. A few years later, he became the tutor to the young prince of Macedon, Alexander the Great. Although Alexander was a stellar pupil, Aristotle returned to Athens three years later, founded his own school, the Lyceum, and taught and studied there for twelve years. Because Alexander began conquering all of the known world, Macedonians became somewhat unwelcome in Athens and Aristotle was accordingly shown the door in 323. He died a year later.

Although he studied under Plato, Aristotle fundamentally disagreed with his teacher on just about everything. He could not bring himself to think of the world in abstract terms the way Plato did; above all else, Aristotle believed that the world could be understood at a fundamental level through the detailed observation and cataloging of phenomenon. That is, knowledge (which is what the word science means) is fundamentally empirical. As a result of this belief, Aristotle literally wrote about everything: poetics, rhetoric, ethics, politics, meteorology, embryology, physics, mathematics, metaphysics, anatomy, physiology, logic, dreams, and so forth. We aren't certain if he wrote these works directly or if they represent his or somebody else's notes on his classes; what we can say for certain is that the words, "I don't know," never came out of his mouth. In addition to studying everything, Aristotle was the first person to really think out the problem of evidence. When he approached a problem, he would examine a.) what people had previously written or said on the subject, b.) the general consensus of opinion on the subject, c.) and a systematic study of everything else that is part of or related to the subject. In his treatise on animals, he studied over five hundred species; in studying government, he collected and read 158 individual constitutions of Greek states as his fundamental data. This is called inductive reasoning:observing as many examples as possible and then working out the underlying principles. Inductive reasoning is the foundation of the Western scientific method.
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/ARIST.HTM

Aristotle
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher 'and the Father of Biological Science, was born in Stagira in Macedonia in 384 B.C. His father was court physician to Philip, the King of Macedon. Aristotle was sent to Plato's Academy in Athens in 367 where he remained until his teacher's death. He then travelled for twelve years, establishing two new academies, and went back to his home where he tutored the young Alexander. In 355 Aristotle returned to Athens where he opened his Lyceum, a rival to the Academy. There, he created a centre for speculative research into almost every field of study. Until his death in 322 B.C., he made outstanding contributions in embryology, biology, comparative anatomy, political science, and philosophy. As a natural scientist he has had few peers. Perhaps his most important contribution was his systematic method of enquiry and the ordering of acquired knowledge. Yet he was primarily a philosopher and for him science was subservient to philosophy. He preferred logical deduction to observation, an approach which, gave rise to gross errors in his own research. Aristotle's work first came to western Europe indirectly, through the Arab philosophers. Whereas he advocated freedom of thought so that people could search for the truth, the universities that adopted Aristotelianism demanded rigid adherence to what they considered to be given truth. Consequently, the errors contained in his scientific works became not the starting point for further research, but the enshrined, if incorrect, statement of biological truth.
http://stud1.tuwien.ac.at/~e9025479/medhist/biographie/aristoteles.html

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
Aristotle was born in Stagira in north Greece, the son of Nichomachus, the court physician to the Macedonian royal family. He was trained first in medicine, and then in 367 he was sent to Athens to study philosophy with Plato. He stayed at Plato's Academy until about 347 -- the picture at the top of this page, taken from Raphael's fresco The School of Athens, shows Aristotle and Plato (Aristotle is on the. right). Though a brilliant pupil, Aristotle opposed some of Plato's teachings, and when Plato died, Aristotle was not appointed head of the Academy. After leaving Athens, Aristotle spent some time traveling, and possibly studying biology, in Asia Minor (now Turkey) and its islands. He returned to Macedonia in 338 to tutor Alexander the Great; after Alexander conquered Athens, Aristotle returned to Athens and set up a school of his own, known as the Lyceum. After Alexander's death, Athens rebelled against Macedonian rule, and Aristotle's political situation became precarious. To avoid being put to death, he fled to the island of Euboea, where he died soon after.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Eric Saltsman - esalts@zoomnet.net
This Aristotelian report covers the Greek Philosopher, Aristotle, who is considered to be the greatest philosopher of all time with the possible exception of Plato. Aristotle lived and taught in Athens for the majority of his life. He started as a pupil of Plato (who was taught by Socrates), and for some time was a the teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on a great variety of subjects, varying from astronomy to abstract philosophy. Aristotle was the founder of biology. As an educator, and scientist, he was one of the greatest and most influential thinkers in Western and Muslim culture. Much of Aristotle's work was lost after the decline of the Roman Empire, but the notes of his students and Jewish scholars helped reintroduce the lost material to the West. Aristotle and his teacher, Plato are usually considered to be the two most important ancient Greek philosophers.
http://www.geocities.com/Capecanaveral/7997/aristot.htm

Aristotle
J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Born: 384 BC in Stagirus, Macedonia, Greece (Show birthplace location)
Died: 322 BC in Chalcis, Euboea, Greece
Aristotle was born in Stagirus, or Stagira, or Stageirus, on the Chalcidic peninsula of northern Greece. His father was Nicomachus, a medical doctor, while his mother was named Phaestis. Nicomachus was certainly living in Chalcidice when Aristotle was born and he had probably been born in that region. Aristotle's mother, Phaestis, came from Chalcis in Euboea and her family owned property there.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aristotle.html

Aristotle 384-322BC
Born at Stagira in Macedonia, the son of Nicomachus, Aristotle was together with Plato the most influential philosopher of the western tradition. At age 17 he entered Plato's academy in Athens, and remained there until Plato's death. Aristotle then accepted the invitation of Hermias to reside at Assos. Upon the death of Hermias (whose niece, Pythias, he married) in 345, Aristotle went to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Between 343/2 and 340 he acted as the tutor to the young Alexander the Great. In 335 he returned to Athens where he founded a school, the Lyceum. Here he organized and conducted research on many subjects, and built the first great library of antiquity. After the death of Pythias he lived with Herpyllis, by whom he had a son, Nicomachus. On the death of Alexander in 325 anti-Macedonian feeling in Athens caused Aristotle to retire to Chalcis where he died in 322.

http://www.knuten.liu.se/~bjoch509/philosophers/ari.html

Aristotle
Aristotle, 384-322 B.C., Greek philosopher. He studied (367-347 B.C.) under Plato and later (342-339 B.C.) tutored ALEXANDER THE GREAT at the Macedonian court. In 335 B.C. he opened a school in the Athenian Lyceum. During the anti-Macedonian agitation after Alexander's death Aristotle fled (323 B.C.) to Chalcis, where he died. His extant writings, largely in the form of lecture notes made by his students, include the Organum (treatises on logic); Physics; Metaphysics; De Anima [on the soul]; Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics; Politics; De Poetica; Rhetoric; and works on biology and physics.
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/academic/digitexts/aristotle/bio_aristotle.html

ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)
Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. Aristotle was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher.

http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/courses/v610051/aristote.html

Aristotle (BC, 384-322)
Peter Landry - peteblu@blupete.com
Aristotle had an extraordinary impact on both the people of his day and those who followed him down through the centuries; it is to be attributed to his logistical way of thinking, his rigorous scientific procedure. His premises, however, were not correct. If you are a believer in the proposition that all men are created equal, then Aristotle is not your man. Aristotle considered slavery to be entirely natural, -- simply because "some men are adapted by nature to be the physical instruments of others." Further, and more generally, Aristotle had "an intense conviction of the natural inferiority of the 'barbarian.'"
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Aristotle.htm

Aristotle (384-322 BCE.)
Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. at Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia, and from this began Aristotle's long association with the Macedonian Court, which considerably influenced his life. While he was still a boy his father died. At age 17 his guardian, Proxenus, sent him to Athens, the intellectual center of the world, to complete his education. He joined the Academy and studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. In the later years of his association with Plato and the Academy he began to lecture on his own account, especially on the subject of rhetoric. At the death of Plato in 347, the pre-eminent ability of Aristotle would seem to have designated him to succeed to the leadership of the Academy. But his divergence from Plato's teaching was too great to make this possible, and Plato's nephew Speusippus was chosen instead. At the invitation of his friend Hermeas, ruler of Atarneus and Assos in Mysia, Aristotle left for his court. He stayed three year and, while there, married Pythias, the niece of the King. In later life he was married a second time to a woman named Herpyllis, who bore him a son, Nichomachus. At the end of three years Hermeas was overtaken by the Persians, and Aristotle went to Mytilene. At the invitation of Philip of Macedonia he became the tutor of his 13 year old son Alexander (later world conqueror); he did this for the next five years. Both Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle high honor, and there were stories that Aristotle was supplied by the Macedonian court, not only with funds for teaching, but also with thousands of slaves to collect specimens for his studies in natural science. These stories are probably false and certainly exaggerated.

Upon the death of Philip, Alexander succeeded to the kingship and prepared for his subsequent conquests. Aristotle's work being finished, he returned to Athens, which he had not visited since the death of Plato. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens. He thus set up his own school at a place called the Lyceum. When teaching at the Lyceum, Aristotle had a habit of walking about as he discoursed. It was in connection with this that his followers became known in later years as the peripatetics, meaning "to walk about." For the next thirteen years he devoted his energies to his teaching and composing his philosophical treatises. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE., the pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against him. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) "The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates." In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BCE.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
Garth Kemerling - gkemerling@delphi.com
Born at Stagira in northern Greece, Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy. When Plato died, Aristotle returned to his native Macedonia, where he is supposed to have participated in the education of Philip's son, Alexander (the Great). He came back to Athens with Alexander's approval in 335 and established his own school at the Lyceum, spending most of the rest of his life engaged there in research, teaching, and writing. His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught. Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development. The result is less a consistent system of thought than a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues.
http://people.delphi.com/gkemerling/ph/aris.htm

Aristotle of Stagira (384-322 BC)
Greek philosopher usually upheld as one of the greatest philosophers of all times. Aristotle studied at the Academy, but disagreed with Plato, feeling that one could obtain knowledge about the natural world. He distinguished between two types of philosophers: the physiologoi (natural philosophers) who study nature (e.g. Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes) and the theologoi who used gods and myths (e.g. Homer and Hesiod). Aristotle believed that there exists a ``golden mean,'' or desirable middle ground between any two extremes. He founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum (or ``peripatetic school,'' since Aristotle used to lecture while walking) which emphasized natural philosophy. Aristotle's lectures were compiled into 150 volumes including Physics, Metaphysics, and De Caelo et Mundo (On the Heavens and Earth).
http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Aristotle.html

Perseus Encyclopedia - Aristotle
Aristotle was born in Stagira, a small town in northern Greece, in 384 BCE. At seventeen, he went to Athens and entered Plato's Academy, where he remained until Plato's death in 347 BCE. Aristotle then went to Assos, near Troy. He lived there for two or three years and then went to the island of Lesbos. In 342 BCE, he accepted an invitation from Phillip II of Macedonia to undertake the education of Phillip's thirteen-year-old son, the future Alexander the Great. In 335 BCE he went back to Athens and founded a school called the Lyceum. There he seems to have lectured to students on philosophical and scientific questions in the mornings, and to wider audiences on more accessible topics in the afternoons or evenings. When Alexander died in 323 BCE, Athens was not a safe place for those with connections to Macedonia. So Aristotle left town, to prevent Athens from "sinning twice against philosophy," as he himself may have put it (fr. 667.3), alluding to the fate of Socrates in 399 BCE. Aristotle died in Chalchis in 322 BCE.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?lookup=encyclopedia+Aristotle&vers=english